Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Dancing Baby Revelation Consideration On Notice And Take...

Dancing Baby Revelation: Consideration on Notice and Take Down Procedure under Chinese Copyright Law Qianhui Zhang Introduction On February 7, 2007, a 29-second video was uploaded onto YouTube by Stephanie Lenz. The video was about her two toddlers pushing a push-toy and â€Å"dancing† along with the song â€Å"Let’s go crazy†by Prince. â€Å"About four seconds into the video, Lenz asks her thirteen month-old son ‘what do you think of the music?’ after which he bobs up and down while holding a push toy.† As the publishing administrator of Prince, Universal Music Corporation hired Sean Johnson to review the videos for possible copyright infringing of Prince’s song. Johnson’s work was to evaluate whether Prince’s song was a major part of the video or†¦show more content†¦U.S. Copyright Act provided clear instructions of Internet behavior. ISP safe harbor was even adopted by Chinese legislature. Notice-take down procedure was one of the ways that a copyright holder can raise to protect his/her right when infringing of the right happens. However, things do not always go as people wish. â€Å"Takedowns often mask ulterior motives†, â€Å"such as business rivalry or religious bias. Copyright owners are sending takedown notifications by the millions†. â€Å"Lenz brought up a challenge to take down notifications by the support of fair use. This was the first successful, real claim attacking good-faith belief in ten years since the DMCA was enacted†. While U.S. take-down notification receivers can use fair use provision to stand up for themselves, Chinese copyright owners can file take down notifications as long as they have â€Å"(1) Name, contact information and address of the owner; (2) The names of the infringed works, performance and audio-visual products that are required to be deleted or the names of the web addresses whose link is required to be cut off; and (3) The preliminary certification materials on infringement.† Part I of this paper illustrates how U.S. and Chinese law making body solve the problem of copyright owners abusing the right to file take down notifications. In this part, the problem now existing in the Internet IP world will be unveiled. As to how each different country is dealing the problem,Show MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCredits and acknowledgments borrowed from other source s and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any formRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesCourier/Westford. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright  © 2009, 2006, 2004, 2001, 1998, 1995, 1992, 1989, 1986, 1981, 1976 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

(Why) Are Women Paid Less - 1014 Words

Approximately 70% of employer’s expenses consist of labor costs. An employer that hires only females can save 20 cent per dollar compared to one that only hires men. Since a female worker saves the company 20 cents per dollar, she is performing equally to a man – to a lower cost. Since marginal benefit versus marginal cost for women is 20 cents higher than the ratio of men, there should be a clear incentive for hiring women. There has been a major discussion over the passed years about the questions around whether women and minorities are being wage-discriminated on the basis of their sex/ethnicity. This paper will elaborate on the part of women. In the 1950’s one third of the US workforce was made out of women compared to today where two†¦show more content†¦So, yes the husband working to support his family should earn a higher salary than the childless man by the explanation above, but getting the woman (read wives) out on the market as well, would inc rease the national GDP. 3. The incentive for women to be self-employed rises from the fact that the opportunity cost of owning your own store is less than working for someone else. Consider this example: A woman can earn either $15/hour if self-employed or $10/hours as an employee. Her opportunity cost when working for herself is $5 less than if she would be employed. So logically, she chooses to be self-employed despite the fact that she knows she is earning less than a male self-employed. This is her second best choice. Why women earn less then self-employed men can derive from the fact that men choose to do business with other men, avoiding females. Men tend to protect their networks. 4. Discriminating based on sex or race is without exception something that is officially seen upon as highly despicable, without stating that it does not happen. One cannot choose whether to be born man or women neither can one choose what race to be born into. However, one can decide upon the level of human capital that one wants to posses. Education, experience, training, work habits etc. are elements that can be acquiredShow MoreRelatedWhy Are women Paid Less than Men? The Gender Gap1371 Words   |  6 PagesWhy Are Women Paid Less Than Men? The Gender Gap Introduction The equality between men and women is an integral part of human rights, it is also a prerequisite for democracy and social justice. Any democratic state seeks to promote gender equality in all spheres of life. Despite the creation of a strong legal framework to ensure the principle of equality of both sexes, the gap between men and women about their capabilities remains significant (Pomeroy, 72). One of the criteria of gender equalityRead MoreWomens Unequal Pay1333 Words   |  5 Pagesbe a woman or man. In response to the statement, why should women be paid less than men? Woman should and deserve the right be paid equally for the same jobs they possess in comparison to men. Women have always been seen inferior to men, and in a result has impacted us in a negative way that affects us by being paid lower. In Obama’s State Address, he mentioned that â€Å"for every dollar a man earns a woman earns seventy-seven cents† (Obama). Women nowadays take place and are in an environment whereRead MoreGender Inequality Within The United States1686 Words   |  7 Pagesadvances in society, especially for women despite these advancements, there continues to be inequalities in sexual â€Å"equality† .Why does a wage difference exists between men and women? Are employers being sexist? Sexism has been a problem since the beginning of mankind. Women have struggled to achieve equality with men. The male dominated culture has led the female gender to become the â€Å"weaker sex†. This discrimination, of course, based on the stereotype that women should be stay at home playing theRead MoreSexism Is The True Hindrance For Female Careers1407 Word s   |  6 Pagesdebated area is whether or not sexism exists in the workplace. Some argue that sexism is a major deterrent in the careers of women, and is the main reason women are not as prominent in positions of power and thus in our society. Others believe that women choose not to pursue such positions, because of their roles as mothers. However, it is views like this that prevent women from being taken seriously as workers. Upon closer insight into our society, it is evident that sexism is the true hindranceRead MoreThe Pay Gap Between Men And Women1128 Words   |  5 PagesThe pay gap between men and women has become quite a topic today. The difference in pay are very common now in many career paths where men and women are doing the same work amount. It is rare to think that when men and women are performing the same task and are just as qualified as each other that they would get paid the same. As the â€Å"wage gap† is being discussed more, the question is why do men and women have different wages when they are working the same job. While it seems that men don t haveRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesearly 1920’s, women thought they had achieved the unachievable. They could finally work, keep their earned wages, marry whomever they please, and even vote. After reaching their goal and fighting vigorously, women could taste equality and the freedom they deserved. While women still have the right to work in today’s society, women are not exactly treated equal in the workplace. Regardless of the past and the extreme measures taken to ensure equal opportunities for both men and women, there are manyRead MoreThe Role Of Women During The Civil War1595 Words   |  7 PagesThe role of women in the work force has been disputed in American since the end of World War II where women were needed in the workforce. It was not till fair ly recently have women begun to work in American society. In 1963 the first policy regarding equal pay was introduced opening the gate from other policies, such as Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 and the Family Medical Leave Act of 1993. However, women are still being undermined in the work force with the wage gap between women and men. ManyRead MoreSociology Using Material from Item a Assess Sociological Explanations of Gender Inequality in Todays Society‚Äà ´1452 Words   |  6 Pagesinequality in todays society’ In the last 30 years women in the UK working has risen to 2.45 million whereas men working has risen by 0.5 million. Item A suggests a variety of gender inequalities in today’s society for example the pay difference women receive as it is suggested according to item A that women earn a quarter of a million pounds less than men and this is without women not having any children if she did have children it would be  £140,000 less. The pay gap reduces family income overall whichRead MoreMandatory 12 Week Unpaid Maternity Leave1204 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Separating a mom from her baby, because she does not have sufficient income to stay home, is NOT a family value, it is the opposite. That is why I will fight for 12 weeks of paid family leave.† –Sen. Bernie Sanders. In the national primaries of 2016, Senator Bernie Sanders realized the magnitude of the issue this country is facing regarding not having a paid maternity leave. Currently, the United States has s omething called FMLA, also known as the Family and Medical Leave Act. This act allows 12Read MoreA Case Of Economic Sexism1089 Words   |  5 Pages experienced a case of economic sexism that was eye-opening. A male doctor and female doctor were hired for a pediatric position at the same time, and had equal experience and credentials. It was discovered however, the female doctor was paid $30,000 a year less than the male. This may seem like a small difference, however the slightest bit of money adds up over the years. Both doctors had experienced the same daily activities, the same education and knowledge, and the same amount of experience;

Sunday, December 8, 2019

The Concept of Grace

Question: How to establish an understanding of the concept of grace that is central to a Christian World View? Answer: This paper is trying to excavate the existence of God and Gods mercy everywhere. Even if we go to the deepest of our sin, we can find the hand of God everywhere around the world. The Presence of God can be understood through the grace. Personal behaviour can be shaped in presence of God. God is equal for everyone and even if we leave the hand of God still God never leave the hand.There are different kinds of people around the world like murder, rape and prostitution. In the world of human, there is no mercy but due to the Grace of God, there is mercy for all. By the grace of God, everything wrapped with goodness. The goodness of god prohibits the human being from committing any kind of crime. In accordance with the case study of George, it can be understood that Grace of God is necessary for living a healthy and peaceful life. In our life, we have committed so many crimes and among several other crimes, breaking the expectation of someone is considered as the top most crime. With the help of the Grace of God, we can see the tenderness and serenity of life. On the other hand, from the analysis of the case, it can be determined that God has incorporated mystery everywhere but due to development of technology, we can explored everything. Along with that, sex is not determined as harshness. It helps to excavate the inner beauty of someone. With the help of the sexual intimacy, we can feel the existence of our beloved. Sex is the part of the human life and this can help to feel the divine existence. Losing someone from the core of the heart is helping in winning the heart of Jesus.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

The Theoretical Framework of Distribution System and Distribution Channel Management free essay sample

It’s a movement of goods and services from source through a distribution channel, right up to the final customer, consumer, or user, and the movement of payment in the opposite direction, right up to the orginial producer or supplier. (Business dictionary) Source: * William D. Perreault, Jr, PhD, University of North Caroline. Essentials of Marketing – A marketing Strategy Planning Approad, 12 edition, pp 248. * http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/distribution. html 1. 2. 2. Roles’s distribution Globalization of markets is a phenomenon that has received much attention and been extensively debated both at the general societal/ institutional / cultural levels and at market and business levels. In any globalization process, distribution of goods and services between and within local industrial and consumer markets is of great importance. Globalization of markets and reoganiztion of distribution are mutually dependent processes that involve changes in marke t strutures. As national market expand and as new opportunities arise for satisfying consumer demand, greater specialisation in distribution is evident both in level of distribution and in goods and service handled (Mallen, 1996). We will write a custom essay sample on The Theoretical Framework of Distribution System and Distribution Channel Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Distribution excellence has become a powerful source of competitive differentiation. In the 1980’s and 1990’s at USA, companies began to view distribution channles as more than simply a source of cost savings and recognize it as a source of enhancing product or serve offerings as part of he broader supply chain process to create competitie advantage. Distribution builds stable competitive advantages. (Mentzer et al, 2004). Source: * Mallen, B. ,(1996). Selecting channels of distribution: a multistage process. International Journal of Physical Distribution amp; Logistics Management, Vol. 26, pp. 5-21. * Mentzer, J. T. , Min, S. , and Bobbitt, M. L. ,(2004). Toward a unified theory of logistics. International Journal of Physical Distribution amp; Logistics Management, Vol. 34, pp 606-627. 1. 2. 2. 3 Purpose of distribution All marketing managers want to be sure that their goods and sevices are available in the right quantities, to the right locations and at the right time, as well as to minimize systemwide cost while satisfying the service levels their customers require. But customers may have a different needs in these areas as they make different purchases. 1. 2. 2 The distribution channel 1. 2. 3. 4 The distribution channel concept A distribution channel is the path through which goods and services travel from the vendor to ther consumer or payments for those products travel from the consumer to the vendor. With this kind of channel, it ensures close interaction of producers, strengthening accountability in the market, ensuring the leading manufacturers of distribution. The information obtained will manufacturers make more and more useful, manufacturers are in direct contact with customers, capture their needs easily than through the intermediary distribution. Besides the above advantages, the direct distribution channel is limited low level of expertise, organization and management of more complex channels, the companys capital flows slow, dispersed workforce. In general, in the present conditions, when economy development Quick, scale expand then structure this channel very rare, it accounting for proportion small in entire system distribution channels by it only match the background production export have scale small, market relations narrow. * Channel shortened: Manufacturer Retailer Consumer Use as a large-scale retail, bulk purchases from manufacturers Cosume storage costs are too expensive if you use a wholesaler. The advantage of the shortened channel is free for manufacturers to functional specialization circulation and develop the productive resources. The downside of the channel is shortened manufacturers or retailers to function doubles the wholesale trade, difficulty balancing and ensuring continuous along the entire distribution. Shortened channel should be applied with some type of certain retail establishments, some items simply to serve some sort of stable demand regular consumer. * Full Channel: Manufacturer Wholesaler Retailer – Consumer This type of channel 2. In the channel, in addition to the distribution of an additional wholesaler, this structure is often used for the common goods of low value, frequently purchased. The advantage of this channel is to promote the advantages of focused specialization in each field, increasing labor productivity and working capital round. The downside is that there are too many channels full and intermediate management clue as to control the whole system becomes more complex channels, large cost and long working time, prone to the volatility and risk risk. Full channel normally used for goods of low value, low cost frequently purchased by consumers. Mixed Channel: Manufacturer Agent Wholesaler Retailer Consumer The advantage of the mixed channel is required to best meet social division of labor between the production, circulation and internal circulation and shape allows to maximize commercial activity in all market position selling retail and residential location distribution. The downside is the increased number of channels will be difficulties in the acquisition of customer information, the control and supervision of intermediaries also impeded    It is u sed when there are many small manufacturers and retailers. An agent is used to help coordinate supply bulk products to the target market. Type of channel 3 level and channel 4 level is long and most complete. This is a common channel for distribution of goods. It solves conflicts: production focus, extensive consumer. However, with the use of long channels, the cost for the channel is set large, the administration and management of distribution channels difficult. So managers need to invest and manage an appropriate way to avoid duplication and reduce costs down. Source: Jobber, D. , (2001). Principles and Practice of Marketing. (3rd ed. ). London: McGraw-Hill. Organization of distribution channels There are many forms of organization of distribution channels, some of distribution channels systems just only have an unofficial impacrs relationships, loosely connected between the department business, and some of channels systems have an official contacts between organization is highly specialized. For example: * Traditional Marketing Channels: As a random subset of manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers. In each separate business entity seeks the way that maximum their profit despite decreased profit of whole system. No member of channel can entirely control or substantially to other members.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Free Essays on Beethovens Love

In 1770 an exceptional musical genius was born into this world, changing the sound of classical music forever. His name was Ludwig van Beethoven. Johann, his father, a signer and instrumentalist, encouraged his son from the first day he saw him to be inspired by the sound of astonishing music. Through his childhood years, Ludwig was extremely interested in his father’s persuasion with music, constantly producing his own music for his own enjoyment. He was considered the â€Å"most powerful musical thinker of music† (Schonberg 119). His music was unheard of, unknown, and the only way to describe his sensational composition was as a â€Å"bridge between classical and romantic periods† (Schonberg 119). Every day and every night he would play on his piano, experimenting with his exceptional tool, his hands. Ludwig van Beethoven also had a love for women. He adored many women. Beethoven was constantly expressing his true loves through his beautiful musical composition s. Around the age of forty, Beethoven met a young woman who changed his outlook of life forever. Her name was Therese Malfatti, a seventeen year old beauty. She was a pupil of Beethoven’s and a niece of his primary physician (Marek 282). He experienced many deep and passionate feelings toward Therese Malfatti; for her he composed a composition to be played before he proposed marriage to her, wrote endless romantic and emotionally disturbing letters, and experienced tragic nostalgic upsets. Ludwig van Beethoven composed hundreds of exquisite and difficult compositions, in which were always meant to be for his â€Å"Unsterbliche Geliebte,† which meant â€Å"Immortal Beloved.† The â€Å"Immortal Beloved† was never known for sure, but it was said to have been Therese Malfatti (Palmer 2). Beethoven composed a beautiful piece of music entitled Bagatelle Woo. Although this title may sound unfamiliar, almost everyone can identify this masterpiece and the composer, Ludwig van Beethoven... Free Essays on Beethoven's Love Free Essays on Beethoven's Love In 1770 an exceptional musical genius was born into this world, changing the sound of classical music forever. His name was Ludwig van Beethoven. Johann, his father, a signer and instrumentalist, encouraged his son from the first day he saw him to be inspired by the sound of astonishing music. Through his childhood years, Ludwig was extremely interested in his father’s persuasion with music, constantly producing his own music for his own enjoyment. He was considered the â€Å"most powerful musical thinker of music† (Schonberg 119). His music was unheard of, unknown, and the only way to describe his sensational composition was as a â€Å"bridge between classical and romantic periods† (Schonberg 119). Every day and every night he would play on his piano, experimenting with his exceptional tool, his hands. Ludwig van Beethoven also had a love for women. He adored many women. Beethoven was constantly expressing his true loves through his beautiful musical composition s. Around the age of forty, Beethoven met a young woman who changed his outlook of life forever. Her name was Therese Malfatti, a seventeen year old beauty. She was a pupil of Beethoven’s and a niece of his primary physician (Marek 282). He experienced many deep and passionate feelings toward Therese Malfatti; for her he composed a composition to be played before he proposed marriage to her, wrote endless romantic and emotionally disturbing letters, and experienced tragic nostalgic upsets. Ludwig van Beethoven composed hundreds of exquisite and difficult compositions, in which were always meant to be for his â€Å"Unsterbliche Geliebte,† which meant â€Å"Immortal Beloved.† The â€Å"Immortal Beloved† was never known for sure, but it was said to have been Therese Malfatti (Palmer 2). Beethoven composed a beautiful piece of music entitled Bagatelle Woo. Although this title may sound unfamiliar, almost everyone can identify this masterpiece and the composer, Ludwig van Beethoven...

Friday, November 22, 2019

Abbreviations for Common Business Degrees

Abbreviations for Common Business Degrees Business degree abbreviations sometimes vary from school to school, but most educational institutions use a standard format. The problem is that there are a lot of different abbreviations- so many that it can be hard to figure out what they all stand for. It can also be confusing when two business degree abbreviations are very similar, such as the EMS (Executive Master of Science)  and EMSM (Executive Master of Science in Management). Bachelor Degrees Bachelor degrees are undergraduate degrees. The Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree has more of a broad focus on liberal arts, while the Bachelor of Science (BS) has more of a tightly focused curriculum. The most common business-related bachelor degrees include: BA: Bachelor of ArtsBBA: Bachelor of Business Administration  BPA: Bachelor of Public AdministrationBS: Bachelor of ScienceBSB: Bachelor of Science in BusinessBSBA: Bachelor of Science in Business AdministrationBSc CIS: Bachelor of Computer Information Systems ExecutiveDegrees In the business field, executive degree programs are commonly designed for  working business professionals who want to advance their knowledge in general business (business administration) or in a particular area of business such as public administration, management, or taxation. Although many students in executive degree programs are actual executives, not all students work in a supervisory capacity; some students simply have executive potential.  The most common executive degrees include: EMBA: Executive MBAEMIB: Executive Master if International BusinessEMPA: Executive Master of Public AdministrationEMS: Executive Master of ScienceEMSM: Executive Master of Science in ManagementEMSMOT: Executive Master of Science in Management of TechnologyEMST: Executive Master of Science in TaxationGEMBA: Global Executive Master of Business Administration Master's Degrees A masters degree is a graduate-level degree that is earned after completing undergraduate-level education. There are many specialized masters degrees in the business field. The most common include: IMBA: International MBAMAcc: Master of AccountancyMAIS: Master of Accounting and Information SystemsMBA: Master of Business Administration  MBE: Master of Business EducationMBI: Master of Business InformaticsMBS: Master of Business StudiesMFA: Master of Fine ArtsMHR: Master of Human ResourcesMHRM: Master of Human Resources ManagementMIA: Master of International AffairsMIAS: Master of International and Area StudiesMIB: Master of International BusinessMIM: Master of International ManagementMIS: Master of Information SystemsMISM: Master of Information Systems ManagementMMIS: Master of Management Information SystemsMMR: Master of Marketing ResearchMMS: Master of Management ScienceMNO: Master of Nonprofit OrganizationsMOD: Master of Science in Organizational DevelopmentMPA: Master of Public AdministrationMPAcc: Master of Professional AccountingMPIA: Master of Public and International AffairsMPL: Master of PlanningMPP: Master of Public PolicyMRED: Master of Real Estate DevelopmentMTAX: M aster of Taxation Master of Science Degrees Master of Science degrees, also known as MS degrees, are graduate-level degrees with a tightly focused track of study in a particular area such as accounting, finance, management, taxation, or real estate. The most common Master of Science degrees in the business field include: MSA: Master of Science in Accountancy (or Accounting)MSAIS: Master of Science in Accountancy Information SystemsMSAT: Master of Science in Accountancy, TaxationMSB: Master of Science in BusinessMSBA: Master of Science in Business AdministrationMSF: Master of Science in FinanceMSFA: Master of Science in Financial AnalysisMSFS: Master of Science in Foreign ServicesMSGFA: Master of Science in Global Financial AnalysisMSIB: Master of Science in International BusinessMSIM:  Master of Science in Industrial ManagementMSIS: Master of Science in Information SystemsMSITM: Master of Science in Information Technology ManagementMSM: Master of Science in ManagementMSMOT: Master of Science in Management of TechnologyMSOD: Master of Science in Organization DevelopmentMSRE: Master of Science in Real EstateMST: Master of Science in Taxation Exceptions to Standard Degree Abbreviations Although most business schools use the abbreviations above, there are some exceptions. For example, Harvard University follows the tradition of Latin degree names  for some of their undergraduate and graduate degrees, which means that the  degree abbreviations look backward compared to what many of us are used to seeing in the U.S. Here are a few examples: AB: This is the name for the Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree. AB stands for artium baccalaureus.SB:  This is the name for the Bachelor of Science (BS) degree.  SB stands for scientiae baccalaureus.AM: This is the equivalent of the Master of Arts (MA) degree. AM stands for artium magister.SM: This is the equivalent of the  Master of Science (MS) degree. SM stands for scientiae magister.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words - 1

Entrepreneurship - Essay Example The behemoths of Information Technology industry like. Microsoft, Yahoo, Google, the IT giants, are all results of ‘entrepreneurial vision’ of their founders. Who is an entrepreneur? What are the chief causes for the success of entrepreneurs? What are the attributes required for being an entrepreneur? What makes entrepreneurship different from regular business? How does an entrepreneur with very little resources create wealth and value? We will study ‘the entrepreneur’ along with the special strategies; he makes use of, by researching contemporary literature on entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is the business idea, the set of practices adopted by an entrepreneur for value enhancement and wealth creation. Entrepreneurship is a break from the past; conception and creation of a unique venture through novel means, and a synergy of strategy, technology, material, and human resources. Entrepreneurship involves a high risk factor as it can’t be forecast with certainty whether a particular entrepreneurship idea would succeed or fail. The results often vary between and extreme success and abject failure. Nevertheless, the entrepreneur, by his inherent nature, keeps on experimenting taking risks, losses and failures in his stride, till he hits upon an idea that clicks. Entrepreneurship has been differently viewed, and hence interpreted differently, over a period of time. In the earlier times entrepreneurship was related to buying and selling of commodities, whereupon a trader took upon himself the buying of a product at a certain price, and selling it for an uncertain price (Di-Masi n.d.). One of the earliest definitions of entrepreneur offered by JS Mill (1848) (quoted by Brockhaus, Sr 2000) as â€Å"one who undertakes to start and conduct an enterprise or business, assuming full control and risks† may have held to be

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Norse vs. Greek Mythology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Norse vs. Greek Mythology - Essay Example A comparison of creation myths can be very enlightening regarding the values and needs of the people who hold it. Two major cultures that had a great deal in common regarding their creation myths despite great differences in climate were the Greeks and the Norse. Overall, the creation myths and deity structure of the Greeks and the Norse served to place importance on the same basic elements of life. Both societies held a strong belief in the idea of fate. This concept was represented in both cultures by three female deities. In Norse mythology, these women were called the Norns and were considered demi-goddesses. They also had individual names including Urd (fate), Verdandi (necessity) and Skuld (being) (Lindemans, 1998). Together, they had the primary duty of caring for Yggdrasil, the world tree, which connected all the worlds together, but they also assisted with childbirth and helped determine the course of a person’s life path. The Greeks called their corresponding demi-goddesses the Fates and these women were more directly linked with the lives of men. Their individual names were Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos (Saunders, 2009). Clotho spun the thread of life, so she was associated with birth and beginnings. The length of the yarn C lotho spun was decided by Lachesis and thus measured the path of a man’s life. However, it was up to Atropos to make the final cut that ended that life. Although the Norns and the Fates are considered lesser goddesses in both cultures, they are each given power over everything that exists and thus are considered a part of the grand scheme of creation. This importance can be seen in the myths of these cultures such as in the Voluspa in which the Norns come to Earth for the betterment of mankind and in the plays produced in Greece as characters.

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Investment Banking Essay Example for Free

Investment Banking Essay Investment banking is a type of financial service that focuses on helping companies acquire funds and grow their portfolios. Much of this comes in the form of stock and bonds transfer, but investment capital and wholesale corporate acquisitions are also part of the equation. Bankers within this sector are usually highly trained, and are widely recognized as some of the most elite participants in the financial marketplace. They are often sought as much for their consulting and advising services as they are for actually executing transactions. Consulting Services Investment bankers frequently give companies advice on mergers and acquisitions. They also track the market in order to help executive officers determine when to make public offerings and how best to manage public assets. Some of the consultative activities investment banking firms engage in overlap with those of private brokerages which often give buy-and-sell advice to the companies they represent. Investment banking is typically a much more nuanced service, but many of the basic strategies are the same. Transactions and Purchases Most of the consultants and specialists working within investment bank firms are able to actually execute transactions on behalf of clients, as well. Many large companies simply want the advice, and will then make their own decisions in-house. Particularly for small businesses and companies without robust financial services divisions, however, hiring an outside consultant to manage investment decisions can make a lot of sense. AdChoices Wealth Management Courses 1 Year Post Graduate Diploma in New Delhi With Global Curriculum. www.IIfpIndia.com Courses in Banking Industry Endorsed Banking Program. 100% Placement Assistance. Apply! Ifbi.co.in/Bank_Operation_Courses Investment Banking Europe Corporate Finance Advisory for Companies Targets in Europe www.ieg-banking.com CPA CFA CMA CIA IFRS Mumbai Delhi Pune Chennai Bangalore Admissions Open Becker CPA CFA www.orbitinstitutes.com NLP Certification Course Get a Certification in NLP with the Best Training in India www.soexcellence.com/nlp+training Benefits for Both Buyers and Sellers When done properly, investment banking has the potential to benefit both those who are selling corporate acquisitions and those who are buying. Asset sales generate substantial revenues that companies can use to front new products, promote existing brands, or invest in research and development. Breaking into business typically requires a lot of money upfront before any profits are realized, but once those benefits come, primary investors usually profit substantially. Distinction Between Commercial and Investment Banking Commercial banking — that is, basic account management, loans, and standard investments like certificates of deposit — are typically kept separate from corporate investment activities, and many banks engage in but one area. In the United States, it was illegal for a bank to have both commercial and investment divisions until 1999, when the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act legalized multiple areas of specialty. Institutions that offer dual services usually do so through different branches and staffs, and accounts are usually maintained separately. Breaking Into the Field Investment banking is often one of the most lucrative and sought-after jobs in finance, but with this prestige comes great responsibility. Most of the professionals in this field have extensive training. A college degree in finance or accounting is almost always required, and graduate degrees — particularly in business, corporate finance, or financial management — are quite common.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Granting Time Its Passage :: Endurantism Philosophy Papers

Granting Time Its Passage Many philosophers who support a four-dimensionalist metaphysics of things also conceive of experience as a state of a mind having temporal extension or existing as a momentary feature of the dimension of time. This essay shows that such a strict four-dimensionalism — suggested in works by D. M. Armstrong, Mark Heller, and David Lewis — cannot be correct, since it cannot allow for the passing of time that is essential to awareness. The argument demonstrates that the positing of any temporal process at all must compromise the strict four-dimensionalist view of the temporality of experience. This is not to say that the traditional endurantist view is left wholeheartedly endorsed. As I point out, this traditional view makes several questionable claims of its own that must be carefully scrutinized. Still, the criticism of the strict four-dimensionalist ontology indicates a direction to be followed in developing a successful metaphysics of experience. This essay presents a critique of what I call strict four-dimensionalism, a metaphysical view supported by David Armstrong, Mark Heller, and David Lewis.(1) Strict four-dimensionalism includes "things experiential" in the group of things that are temporal only insofar as they either have temporal extension or exist at some point upon the axis of time. I argue that experience cannot exist in this way. Its temporality must be of a different order. For experience must involve the passing of time,(2) and this is something that strict four-dimensionalism must exclude. This does not, however, disprove that ontology in toto. It does not venture beyond the theme of experience's temporal nature. What is at stake here is simply the securing of experience's temporality from a misleading metaphysical interpretation. The issue is simply the metaphysics of the seemingly non-thing-like entity of temporal experience. Four-dimensionalism maintains that, strictly speaking, physical objects existing for more than an instant so exist only by being extended along the axis of time, just as common objects existing at more than one point in space exist in this way only by being extended along the three spatial axes.(3) As Lewis puts it: "Enduring things are timelike streaks" laid out across the fourth dimension, "wholes composed of temporal parts, or stages, located at various times and places" (Lewis 1976, 145). For a thing that lasts from one time to another, say from t1 to t2, it is thus not the case that the same thing once existing entirely at t1 exists later entirely at t2.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Greatest Soldier of all time: A Look into the life of Alexander the Great

Ancient Greece became the foundation of Western Civilization. It served as the breeding ground for the development of ideas of political liberty and democratic government. Appreciation and observation of certain standards for art, science, literature and philosophy were actually rooted in ancient Greece (Cawthorne, 23). The backdrop of this very influential Greek civilization was not always a colourful hue. It was also beset by conflicts between Greek City-States, causing them to be at war with one another.How these Greek City States evolved into an empire is attributable to one man——–a person possessing nearly deity qualities——— Alexander the Great (Gergel 40). The Makings of a Great Warrior Indeed, the result of Alexander’s conquests was no small feat. It is one of history’s most treasured accounts of a military leader, unrivalled in military skills and brilliance. But Alexander’s seemingly innate qualities were not dev eloped overnight. He laboured hard in becoming who he was in history (Roisman 45).Alexander the Great honed his skills and enriched his intellect through the guidance of a respected great thinker in the name of Aristotle. He thought Alexander to develop a scientific curiosity for things. He moulded him to better understand and appreciate the Greek culture, which is evident in Alexander’s love for the arts (Roisman 45). Through Aristotle’s supervision, Alexander devoted a part of his life to acquiring knowledge and skills. He nourished his mind and spirit through various works of art and literature.He inculcated the philosophy and ideas derive from the written word and he dreamed of one day matching the skills of the heroes depicted in Iliad and Odyssey. Alexander loved heroic tales, a reason enough to appreciate why he ruled historical pages during his time. Establishment of a Great Empire Alexander of Macedon was born in 356 BC. Following the assassination of his fath er, Philip in 336 BC, Alexander became the ruler. This, undoubtedly, was the start of the rise of one of the greatest leader in history (Howe and Harrer 79).Alexander of Macedon was only twenty years old when he acquired the responsibility of governing his father’s land and army. Unknown to many, Alexander is set to accomplish things beyond the wildest imagination of many. Ancient Greek is destined to become recognized around the world through the efforts of a man, they call ruler (Lonsdale 52). A true heir to his father’s throne, Alexander shared the same vision for Greece, as his father did. He acquired exceptional military skill, leadership ability and an unsurpassed desire to conquer the Persian Empire.Alexander the Great made his mark in history as the greatest military leader ever to live. His unrivalled popularity was always the source of, at times controversy, more often, inspiration. He possessed unparalleled brilliance, which earned him the reputation of a da ring and intelligent ruler. This however, did not stop him from doing more. In 334 BC, he braved to cross Hellespont and freed the Greek colonies in Asia Minor. This resulted in a domino effect of empires falling one after another. He eyed Phoenicia, and then Egypt, where he founded Alexandria.His success came one after another. In 331 BC, he was triumphant in conquering Mesopotamia, which surrendered and submitted under his rule (Baldry 83). Alexander’s military prowess was remarkable. After defeating the king of Persia in battle, Alexander pushed on to North Western India. He continued his invasion of empires and evidently, he achieved desired results. Between 334BC and 326 BC, Alexander, together with his exceptional army, conquered the lands from Egypt to India, without ever losing a single battle (De Santis 61; Lonsdale 54).Death of Alexander the Great: An Empire Falls Apart Alexander the Great died of a fever in 323 BC. He was almost 33 years of age when he passed away. His death had a tremendous impact on his empire. The brief period of unity that brought Greece and the Near East together had ended abruptly. As a result, his general s were unable to control the vast empire that Alexander built. This resulted to the separation of Alexander’s empire into three kingdoms. Noteworthy is the fact that one of his generals, Ptolemy, ruled Egypt, while others settled in Asia and Macedonia.Alexander’s Life and Contributions: an Analysis Alexander the Great started early on a life destined for greatness. His brilliance exuded more than an extraordinary military skill. It depicted him as a historical figure, worthy of adulation. But his life was never smooth sailing. Once, his right to inherit the throne of King Philip was questioned, following King Philips’ marriage to Cleopatra of Macedonia. This however, did not bar him from fulfilling his destiny. As soon as he reconciled with his father, he assumed the role of a rightful heir to the throne of King Philip.It was proven when King Philip die and Alexander managed to rule over his father’s loyal subjects and lead them to conquests that later on brought them glory and honour. Alexander earned for them a reputation that is tantamount to priceless. Gaining recognition as a superior army, backed by a ruler whose brilliance is well-known, they conquered land, empires and expanded their power and influence. Alexander established his empire and manifested his power and influence throughout history. His desire to conquer Persia was no small feat. It enabled him to make his mark as a magnificent military leader and a brave one at that (Baldry 76).As a ruler, Alexander the Great made various decisions and policies that merited recognition, while some solicited controversy. An example would be the cultural influence of proskynensis. This is a Persian culture, where it is strongly encouraged to kiss the hands of people regarded as social superiors. The Greeks abhorred this practice, thinking that it is only meant for gods and goddesses, and by implementing it, Alexander was stepping up to the level of deities (Renault 34). Indeed, Alexander the Great has raised his status as a ruler.By attaining what his father Philip failed to achieve, Alexander the Great created an image of himself that is nothing short of spectacular. By strategically conquering one empire after another, he has expanded his sovereignty, and made both enemies and allies alike acknowledge the fact that he is a superb military leader who bows down to no one. The importance of Alexander the Great can be deeply felt long after he was gone. Although his empire broke apart, putting his efforts of unification to waste, his conquests had a lasting effect. This is attributable to the fact that Alexander the Great was an agent of change.Indeed, he has espoused ideals and beliefs that influenced the Greek’s culture whether or not it was to their liking (Renault 34). Regarded as a m agnificent military leader, Alexander the great was always one step ahead, in many respects. He encouraged the Greek soldiers, merchants and even government officials to settle in the conquered lands. This became the reason for the proliferation of the Greek culture long after his death. Through settling in the conquered land, the Greeks, by having contacts between the peoples of the Near East, became agents of spreading the Greek culture.Ultimately, Greek culture influenced the conquered lands’ inhabitants and soon, the transfer and absorption of the Greek culture followed. The Greek language became widely used in the Mediterranean world. People belonging to the upper-class of the society learned and adapted the Greek literature, appreciation for the arts, ideas and customs. This can be considered one of Alexander’s finest works. To be able to spread the Greek culture and assimilate it into the daily lives of the people living in the conquered lands of Alexander the G reat.This symbolizes the unending tale of his heroic acts and the legacy he so desired to leave. During his conquests, Alexander the Great acquired great deal of knowledge. His travels gave him an opportunity to learn about plants, animals, geography, astronomy and philosophy. Many of the philosophers and scientists that accompanied him saw opportunities for a learning experience. Alexander advocated educating one’s self through discovery of principles and gathering knowledge (Green 27). It is more evident when he founded Alexandria. Outstanding scientists and scholars were invited to work at the library of Alexandria.Many of the discoveries made still influence modern science. Alexander the Great looked into the future and linked it to the past. This is exactly what he did when he encouraged the spread of the Greek culture. It marked the opening of a new stage of civilization, more prominently termed the Hellenistic Age. The Hellenistic age provided for the avenue to lessen the discrimination between Greeks and Non-Greeks, evident in the Hellenic age. This is where the recognition of Greek culture in the Mediterranean world stemmed from (Mercer 60).The conquests of Alexander the Great proved fruitful and spawned a lot of changes in Greek civilization. The widespread acceptance of Greek culture by conquered lands elevated Alexander the Great as a ruler, a military leader and a brilliant king (Mercer 60). References: Baldry, H. C. Ancient Greek Literature in its living Context. Thames and Hudson Ltd. , 1968. Cawthorne, Nigel. Alexander the Great. Haus Publishers Ltd. 2004 De Santis, Marc G. â€Å"At The Crossroads of Conquest. † Military Heritage. December 2001. Volume 3, No. 3: Gergel, Tania. Alexander the Great.Penguin Group, London, 2004 Green, P. Alexander of Macedon, 356-323 B. C. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1991. Howe, George and Harrer, Gustave (editor) Greek Literature in Translation. Harper and Brothers Publisher, 1924. Lons dale, David. Alexander the Great. New York, Routledge, 2006. Mercer, Charles, The way of Alexander the Great. I Books, October 5, 2004. Renault, Mary. The Nature of Alexander. Pantheon Books, 1975. Roisman, Joseph (ed. ) Brill's Companion to Alexander the Great. Leiden: Brill Academic University of California Press, 1991. 46-55, 97.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

The Difference Between a Figurative and a Literal Analogy

Literal Analogy makes a direct comparison between objects, people or events. On the other hand, Figurative analogy compares the relationship between objects, people or events. An example of Literal Analogy: A self-defense course made me able to defend myself; it will make you able to defend yourself. The meaning of the sentence is that self-protection training has helped me to protect myself, in the same way it will help you in protecting yourself against any danger. The sentence mentions the importance of a self-defense course for the two individuals. The Literal Analogy is re-written as a Figurative Analogy: As a coat of sharp spine help a Porcupine to defend it against predators, similarly a self-defense course will help you as it has helped me in defending yourself against any danger. The two types of analogies are Literal Analogy and Figurative analogy. Whereas, Literal Analogy compares two objects similar in nature, Figurative analogy shows the relationship between two objects that are of different kind. For example, Literal Analogy uses precedence as a warrant for a particular action. The meaning is that an earlier case is quoted in order to justify a current action and it works because the earlier and current cases are essentially alike: ‘Sarah listens to music at high speed, so why can I? ’ Here it is implied that Sarah and I are more or less the same so we should have the same privilege. Figurative Analogy however does not directly compare two objects, rather shows the relationship that is contained in the theme and the phoros. The theme is what we want to convey and phoros is the thing which is used to shed light on the theme: As the tiger needs claws for its internal needs, so does America need defense to meet domestic concerns. Here, ‘America needs its defense to meet its domestic concerns’ is the theme and ‘As the Tiger needs its claws for its internal use’ is the phoros. Figurative analogy effectively employs persuasion and Literal Analogy is logical. We should remember that Figurative Analogy do not have the same force as a Literal Analogy as a Literal Analogy compare objects that posses similar characteristics. On the other hand, Figurative Analogy is a story and sometimes a metaphor created to compare dissimilar characteristics. This analogy helps to explain complex concepts by comparing them to familiar things. Figurative analogy provides a week form of evidence than Literal Analogy as the objects compared are inherently different. Nevertheless, figurative analogies give vivid pictures and makes teaching easy. Also, figurative analogies help to make your speech emotionally appealing. The superiority of one analogy against another can only be judged on the basis of the purpose behind the two analogies. Figurative Analogy does not give sound conclusion but the reasoning of Literal Analogy has its merit. Figurative Analogy that compares unlike things has the power to explain and the power to arouse emotions but it is not logical in nature. Literal Analogy which compares two like things, have the power of logic behind it. If the purpose is to give logical reasoning and sound conclusion, Literal Analogy is better. However, if the purpose is to clarify any complex concept and evoke emotions, Figurative Analogy is better.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Easter Acrostic Poem Lesson Plan

Easter Acrostic Poem Lesson Plan Are you in need of a quick Easter activity for your students? Try having your students create an Easter acrostic poem. They are so easy to write and they can be about any subject. Grade Level: Primary and Upper GradesSubject: Language Arts Objectives/Learning Goals Practice brainstorming Easter-related wordsUse descriptive phrases and sentences to describe Easter or words related to EasterWrite an Easter acrostic poem Required Materials Pencil and paper for each student to write their poem onScrap paper for brainstorming Anticipatory Set Ask the class what they know about Easter. Write a list on the board while they are calling out answers, and offer ideas and comments as you write down the list.Brainstorm 10-15 Easter-related words and write them on the front board or overhead projector. Have the students copy these words on a scrap piece of paper or create a graphic organizer. Overview of Lesson Plan Each student is asked to write a short acrostic poem using an Easter-related word. They must create phrases and/or sentences that relate to the subject in order to complete the task. Direct Instruction Choose an Easter-related word and work together to create an acrostic poem. Choose words such as: Easter, eggs, Happy Easter, basket, bunny or Spring.Model the format of an acrostic poem on the front board. The easiest way to display this is to put the letters of the subject down the left-hand side of the page. Once this is done you can now begin to think of a sentence that describes your subject.Brainstorm sentences that would relate to the subject of the poem. Leave these ideas on the front board so the students can use them as a reference when creating a poem on their own. Guided Practice For younger students, provide a graphic organizer for brainstorming and an acrostic poem worksheet where they can fill in the blanks.For older students, you can also provide a graphic organizer for brainstorming, but then have them write their own sentences from scratch. Closure Once they have completed their poems allow time for them to illustrate a picture and then share their poems aloud with their classmates. Independent Practice For homework, have students create an acrostic poem using another Easter-related word. For extra credit or practice, they can create a poem using the letters of their name. Assessment The final piece of writing and homework assignment will be assessed by a rubric that the teacher has created. Sample Easter Acrostic Poems HAPPY EASTER H - ope is in the Spring airA - s we all come togetherP - ractice your manners for Easter dinnerP - raise your parents and the ones you loveY - es, together we love toE - at on Easter dayA -nd when you wake up onS - unday morning you can search for your Easter basket.T - o me its the best part of Easter,E - ating all of the chocolate bunnies and collecting the eggs.R - emember to get some rest for the special day! EASTER E - aster is a great time of yearA - nd every child loves to eat chocolateS - o make sure you don’t eat too muchT - ogether we can hideE - aster eggs and find themR - emember not to eat too much candy or youll get a belly ache! EGGS E - atG - ather eggsG - o to churchS - pring has sprung SPRING S -ring is a wonderful time of yearP -icture the flowers bloomingR -abbits are hoppingI -t is soN -ice and warm outsideG -rowing flowers at Easter time.

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Path to Legalization for Illegal Immigrants in the US

Path to Legalization for Illegal Immigrants in the US Should the United States provide a path to legalization for illegal immigrants? The issue has been at the forefront of American politics for years, and the debate shows no signs of abating. What does a nation do with the millions of people residing in its country illegally? History of Immigrating to the US Illegal immigrants, often referred to as illegal aliens, are defined by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 as people who are not citizens or nationals of the United States. They are foreign nationals who come to the United States without following the legal immigration process to enter and remain in the country; in other words, anyone born in a country other than the United States to parents who are not United States citizens. The reasons for immigrating vary, but generally, people are looking for better opportunities and a higher quality of life than they would have in their native countries. Illegal immigrants do not have the proper legal documentation to be in the country, or they have overstayed their time allotted, perhaps on a tourist or student visa. They  cannot vote, and they cannot receive social services from federally funded programs or social security benefits; they cannot hold United States passports. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 provided amnesty to 2.7 illegal immigrants already in the United States and established sanctions for employers who knowingly hired illegal aliens. Additional laws were passed in the 1990s to help curb the growing number of illegal aliens, but they were largely ineffective. Another bill for immigration reform was introduced in 2007 but ultimately failed. It would have provided legal status to approximately 12 million illegal immigrants. President Donald Trump has gone back and forth on the immigration issue, going so far as to offer a merit-based legal immigration system. Nevertheless, Trump says he is intent on restoring integrity and the rule of law to our borders, and prompted the longest government shutdown to date (34 days) with his demand of funding for a southern border wall. A Path Toward Legalization The path toward becoming a legal US citizen is called naturalization; this process is overseen by the US Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Service (BCIS). There are four paths to legal status for undocumented, or illegal, immigrants. Path 1: Green Card The first path to becoming a legal citizen is to obtain a Green Card by marrying a US  citizen or a lawful permanent resident. But, according to Citizenpath, if the foreign spouse and children or stepchildren entered the United States without inspection and remained in the United States, they must leave the country and conclude their immigration process through US consulates abroad to obtain the green card. More importantly, says Citizenpath, If the immigrating spouse and/or children over 18 years of age resided in the United States unlawfully for at least 180 days (6 months) but less than one year, or they remained more than one year, they could then be automatically barred from re-entry to the United States for 3-10 years respectively once they leave the United States. In some cases, these immigrants can apply for a waiver if they can prove extreme and unusual hardship.   Path 2: DREAMers The Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals is a program established in 2012 to protect illegal immigrants who came to the United States as children. Donald Trumps administration in 2017 threatened to undo the act but has yet to do so. The Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act was first introduced in 2001 as bipartisan legislation, and its main provision was to provide permanent resident status upon completion of two years of college or service in the military. The American Immigration Council states that with the country currently gripped by political polarization, bipartisan support for the DREAM Act has waned. In turn, more narrow proposals have circulated that either restrict eligibility for permanent residency to a smaller group of young people or offer no dedicated path to permanent residency (and, eventually, US citizenship). Path 3: Asylum Citizenpath says that asylum is available to illegal immigrants who have suffered persecution in his or her home country or who has a well-founded fear of persecution if he or she were to return to that country.  Persecution  must be based on one of the following five groups: race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion. Also according to Citizenpath, requirements for eligibility include the following: You must be present in the United States (by legal or illegally entry); you are unable or unwilling to return to your home country due to past persecution or have a well-founded fear of future persecution if you return; the reason for persecution is related to one of five things: race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion; and you are not involved with an activity that would bar you from asylum. Path 4: U Visas The U Visa - a non-immigrant visa - is reserved for crime victims who have assisted law enforcement. Citizenpath says U Visa holders have legal status in the United States, receive employment authorization (work permit) and even a possible path to citizenship.   The U Visa was created by the US Congress in October 2000  by the passage of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act. To qualify, an illegal immigrant must have suffered substantial physical or mental abuse as a result of having been a victim of a qualifying criminal activity; must have information concerning that criminal activity; must have been helpful, is being helpful or is likely to be helpful in the investigation or prosecution of the crime; and the criminal activity must have violated US laws.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Childhood Obesity in Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Childhood Obesity in Society - Essay Example Causes There are numerous causes for obesity in general and childhood obesity in particular. In each of these, the society seems to have a role, however obscure it may be. The three most important are listed below. Dietary/ Food Habits: The effects of eating habits on childhood obesity are difficult to determine. A three year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counseling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. This was partly due to the fact the even though the children believed they were eating less their actually calorie consumption did not decrease with the intervention. At the same time observed energy expenditure remained similar between the groups. This occurred even though dietary fat intake decreased from 34% to 27% (Caballero et al., 2003). A second study of 5,106 children showed similar results. Even though the children eat an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI (Nader et al., 1999). Why these studies did not bring about the desired effect of curbing childhood obesity has been attributed to the interventions not being sufficient e nough. Changes were made primarily in the school environment, whereas it is felt that they must occur in the home, the community, and the school simultaneously to have a significant effect (Kolata, 2007). Researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill studied national beverage consumption patterns for over 73,000 Americans between 1997 and 2001 and found the following: overall calories from sweetened drinks went up... As the report stresses the effects of eating habits on childhood obesity are difficult to determine. A three year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counseling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. This was partly due to the fact the even though the children believed they were eating less their actually calorie consumption did not decrease with the intervention. At the same time observed energy expenditure remained similar between the groups. According to the research findings the popular thinking is that diet sodas help people to lose weight, since they are low in calories, data from the San Antonio Heart Study found that the more diet soda a person drinks the greater is the likelihood that he or she will become overweight or obese. ‘On an average, for each diet soft drink our participants drank per day, they were 65 percent more likely to become overweight during the next seven to eight years and 41 percent more likely to become obese,’ said Sharon Fowler, MPH, faculty associate in the division of clinical epidemiology at the University of Texas Health Sciences Center in San Antonio. Other, more recent unpublished findings from Fowler back this up. While parents and schools may need to do a better job of promoting regular exercise and better dietary choices, the viral distribution of these soft drinks doesn’t help.

Thursday, October 31, 2019

AS2 Evaluation Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

AS2 Evaluation Report - Essay Example intervention of the mass media as a method of engaging the wider segment of the community to establish an idealistic perspective of prosperity and economic development. The report considers entertainment and education for the young people as style that not only educate and entertain the community but also a technique of enlightening the essentiality of positive attitude towards developmental projects. The report presents an extensive description of innovative approaches as models of participation and community engagement. On the same note, cultural activities and electronic technologies are viewed as a way of enhancing social marketing campaigns to boost economic performance of the community. The study has an objective of establishing requisite procedures for collecting and interpreting communicable information in a bid to support the priority setting for addressing the concern of marginalized groups in a society. Be that as it may, societal outreach and mobilization has always been considered as a number one priority for engaging the marginalized groups since the dawn of time. The community sensitization and mobilization comprises of diverse issues that involves meeting and trainings. In view of the previous studies and comments posed by profound scholars, community engagement through traditional authorities and cultural activities are perceived as a stepping stone towards defining the needs of the disadvantaged groups in the community. Mass media has been conceptualized as technique of engaging and enlightening a wider segment of the community on the essentiality of grasping developmental perspectives. In a strong sense, mass media basically targets the young people since they are believed to have what it takes to implement and put into practice the developmental agendas for facilitating economic performance of a community. The use of television, billboards and quite a number of mass media procedures is quite essential in enabling the majority of disadvantaged

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

DIVORCE AND CHILDREN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

DIVORCE AND CHILDREN - Essay Example Divorce is already commonplace in the United States. This is the case across all relevant demographics: regardless of the social class, age, religion and ethnic membership, divorce is prevalent. For example, recent estimates reveal that between 40 percent and 50 percent of recent first marriages are likely to end in divorce (Lamanna and Riedmann, 474). Statistics also paint a grim scenario. In 2009, the Census Bureau reported that the marriage rate in America is 7.5 marriages per 1000 people and the divorce rate is 3.6 per 1000 people (Andersen and Taylor, p.326). The high incidence of divorce highlights the degree of impact on all parties involved as well as the society in general. Because the experience involved is recognized as painful and difficult. The adults – the husband and wife – undergoing this process encounter tremendous stress and pressure. An expert on the subject explained that this is a commonality across all divorcing partners. The story, wrote Antunes, often went like this: After months or sometimes years of discussions, hurtful arguments, destructive behavior, indifference, tears, betrayals, false hopes, starting over, forgiving, counseling, praying and doing everything we can think of in order to â€Å"fix† our marriages, we arrived at the Crushing yet defining moment when we knew our relationships were over (ix). If the process is an ordeal for the husband and wife, one can only imagine the toll it will claim on their children. As depicted in the above account, divorce seemed like a battle and children are most assuredly caught in the crossfire. This is one of the most compelling reasons why divorce can be considered bad. It adversely affects the hapless children. Adverse Effects on Children It is common sense to claim that there are only rare cases when children do not feel sad about their parents’ divorce. The fact is that they are often torn by conflicting loyalties: who should they side with in the conflict? In addition, feelings of fear, loss and anger are also common, along with desires for reconciliation (Andersen and Taylor, 327). The psychological impact of losing parents to this process is significant. In the short term, children experience feelings of confusion as well as the feeling of being betrayed as they helplessly witness how their family unravel and torn apart before their eyes (Clarke-Stewart and Brentano, 106). Also, as their parents tangle between themselves and embroiled in their own troubles, children are also in danger of being neglected. Because of these variables, children’s lives are negatively affected in the long term. For instance, a study revealed that 70 percent of children living with divorced parents had lower levels of well-being in comparison with children raised in intact families (Clarke-Stewart and Brentano, 106). In addition, these children can also display violent and antisocial behaviors especially when the divorce is typified by high conflict. Poor performance in school and poor adjustment skills are also accepted outcomes especially when research indicates that families on the verge of breakup have been found to be typified by â€Å"less intimate interparental and parent-child relationships, less parental commitment to children’s education, and fewer economic and human resources, resulting in more academi c, psychological and behavioral problems† (Goldstein, 197). So, all in all, the process for divorce is a crisis for children. This is critical because there are just numerous variables involved and that these tend to accumulate, leading to a much bigger problem, amplifying the estimated severity and pathology of psychological and emotional disturbance, changing the children’s behavior and character in the process. It is important to note that children are created by society. Morton explained this circumstance when he argued that â€Å"children are assigned to social groups by lottery† and that â€Å"once they are in a group, they remain there for life†. These arguments are aligned with the philosophical school

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Death of a parent: Effects on children

Death of a parent: Effects on children Death of a parent: effects on children Thesis: Apparently, the death of a parent can be a dramatic experience for all members of the family, particularly for children, and can often have both short-term and extensive effects on the children. Even if the effects of parents death are heartbreaking, to live healthy and balanced life, members of this type of family must cope the reality and go on with their lives, leaving the fear and emptiness behind. Audience: Doctor Costa Purpose: To show how difficult is for children to cope with the death of a parent. When we think of a family, we most often visualize that family must have children and two parents. Nowadays, this is often not an example in many families throughout the world; single parent families are increasing dramatically. No matter how hard single parent try, he/she cannot replace the natural demand of a child for both of parents. There are several causes of the rise of single parenting across the globe. This essay will concentrate on the death of a parent. Apparently, the death of a parent can be a dramatic experience for all members of the family, particularly for children, and can often have both extensive and short-term effects on the children. Even if the effects of parents death are heartbreaking, to live healthy and balanced life, members of this type of family must cope the reality and go on with their lives, leaving the fear and emptiness behind. If family lost one of the parents, this affected perhaps children in a same level (or much more) as a mother/father that been left behind. One of the most common short-term effects on the children is the fear. This fear could â€Å"drag† children to melancholy and lose of self-esteem. Children are incapable and completely helpless of surviving alone, as a result, they might have great fear of insecurity. Consequently, children might practice a devastating fear of the unfamiliar, fear of not acknowledging what the future might hold, and where they might live, and fear of being left alone in the world. As an example, after my uncles death, we could see the fear in the eyes of my all five young cousins. We could indeed â€Å"see† how their souls were broken; one could read the sorrow in their eyes. It took some period for my aunt to cope with tragedy and give hope for her children with the aid of other family members and the district society. It can be dense for a widower parent to build acceptance of this event and assist the child in having a pleasant and balanced life. The second, extensive effect is the feeling and living with emptiness. As life goes along, perhaps a widower parent and his/her children leave the fear behind and (deep in their heart) never let go of pain and sorrow. This tragedy could create a great impact of emptiness in children, which might leave a â€Å"gap† in their spirit forever. I assume that the emotional part of the childrens world is entirely divided apart with this emptiness. This feeling can take away the happiness of childhood and worse of all; emptiness could create emotional isolation within the childrens personality. Their pain and sorrow might forever engrave in a hidden place of their remembrance. Children carry on searching for the lost parent for an extended period, even until they became parents themselves. Perhaps one method of filling this emptiness can be the creation of fresh happy memories. Finally, in families where a parent died, it difficult to accept the circumstance that nothing is going to be the same; however, children in these families are in great deal of challenge. I believe, after sometime children might fight the fear by coping with reality and willing to commence a fresh beginning with the support of a parent, friend, or society. Moreover, it is not easy to fill the emptiness of their hearts and souls until the day of new happiness. To sum up, letting go of the fear, emptiness, pain and sorrow could allow children to look forward to happiness, understand, and accept the reality. Only then, joy can enter to their memories and guide them to start a new beginning.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Technology :: essays research papers

Technology Recently while having a get together with some friends we were relating some experiences that seem quite pertinent to the subject of how communication is or will change. David the son of my friend Jackie was at a loss when told to call home. It seems our young guest had never had to use a rotary telephone. Confronted with this icon of past technology, David went away with a new experience to tell his friend about. Another guest, upon hearing of David's story told of a similar experience she'd had. It seems that Loretta had given her son a watch for Christmas. This wristwatch, complete with hands and a face was foreign to her son Tommy who has had the time electronically flashed at him in numeric form for all of his life without the need to know how to tell time conventionally. So it seems in this day and age, that the old continues to be replaced by the newer and faster technology. We in turn have a need to learn newer and faster ways of dealing with these new technologies. Technology grows and the more it grows the faster it grows. Yet with this technology we can learn how to decrease our work time while increasing our productivity. We have definitely come a long way from the pony express and telegraph. With current technological advancements it is now possible to communicate across the planet instantaneously, thanks to things like fiber optics, e-mail, and satellites all of which make this possible. With the invention of the printing press and the first book in print came the birth of the information age. Accompanying the birth of the information age was an explosion of new technological advances designed to improve how we communicate. With the birth of the twentieth century we've seen a drastic growth in the way we communicate with each other. With cellular telephones, personal computers, palm pilots, and online shopping. These advancements have all been designed to save us time, and help us communicate with one another. These are the tools of the "wired world", which in turn encourages our interaction and participation. And in fact make our lives much easier. While the next generation will without a doubt, find themselves lost without these technological wonders, we at the other end find it a little unsettling.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Research material Essay

Our stimulus was the photograph of ‘The Falling Man’ and from this we began to brainstorm our ideas. After coming up with our starting point, the fall of the economy and society, we then started to distribute topics to research amongst the group. The first point to target was economic disasters; from this we decided to look at information about the credit crunch and the Wall Street crash to provide the starting point of our research. There were certain bits of our research that had to be gathered during the process of devising for example in the Prostitute scene we had to gather information on mythological creatures such as sirens and harpies. A lot of our research on this subject ended up being the starting point for almost all of the chorus’ characters for this scene. Also in the war scene we drew our research from comic TV shows such as Black Adder and Monty Python, again this research went straight into our scenes and provided us with stepping stones to experiment and explore all the content that could be created using their unique senses of style and humour. Our resources were mostly Internet for our research on the Wall Street Crash, mainly websites like Wikipedia and the BBC website, but we made sure to research the information we had found again from different sources so as to make sure that the information it provided was correct. I had also found a guide to economics and found some references from it that we used in the process, to stimulating or integrating with our ideas, we used some of these during the devising process. However none of these references made it through to staying in the final performance, we decided this as a group agreeing that the addition of the economic jargon would make it too convoluted. For the research on mythological creatures we used research from the Internet and various books, one being a Dorling Kindersley guide, we also took a look at books like ‘His Dark Materials’ for representation of mythological creatures such as daemons, angels and harpies, the latter was to aid the content of the prostitute scene however this research was not used as harpies weren’t what we were thinking as a seductress. We then explored sirens in a book I had and decided that that was a far more realistic way to go to represent our seductresses. As for the War scene we gathered research on the style we wanted to emulate by watched videos of ‘Monty Python’s Flying Circus’ and ‘Black Adder Goes Forth’. The gathering of our research material was co-ordinated by individuals doing there own research and, where relevant, discussing it with the group to see if certain finds were appropriate to incorporate into a particular scene and making sure the information was strong enough to underpin or add to the scene and, ultimately, our plot. When collecting research material we found that the group were looking up the same things, doubling up on various topics, and finding the same information. This was due to everybody using the same research source, the Internet. We overcame this by making sure everyone knew what they were supposed to research and encouraged people going to the library and finding external sources rather than looking everything up on the Internet, which has liabilities. Our research formed the basis to create the beginning scene of the play, after researching the economy and finding a poem based on a nuclear attack; one of the members of the group combined these two sources. This created a brilliant introduction to our piece that took the form of an emergency service announcement (replicating the poem) but re-written as if it were announcing the fall of the economy. After gathering this we then began to brainstorm ideas for action, lighting, sounds etc. to create a scene representing emergency and panic but without using actors to portray it. This steered us, inevitably, towards flashing police lights and sirens, the obvious choice being a World War II air raid siren. A lot of our research was disregarded, especially at the beginning of the process during brainstorming, this was when we were trying to find the deeper meaning through the image of ‘The Falling Man’ but, to do this, we kept coming back to research on 9/11 which, we knew when we started, wasn’t the direction we wanted to take. But after our final take on the stimulus was decided we began focussing on our economic and social research. Explorations, into mythological creatures especially, created fresh ideas during rehearsal time, for example in the prostitute scene. Thinking about the prostitute scene we kept coming back to the idea of sirens and harpies following on from this, after our research material had been collated and discussed, numerous members of the group began having clearer and clearer ideas for the actual behaviour of these creatures we were creating. From our workshops we deduced that we needed creatures that were a cross between seductresses and monsters to lure the protagonist of his path and then put his life in danger once they’d done so. In our final performance the prostitutes waited until the protagonist fell asleep the manipulated his body to move him then, as he woke up, began stroking and caressing him slowly getting more aggressive, agitated and hideous. This was the research material that we collected later. I also decided to research some more World War II propaganda as, at this point; I didn’t know what our set was going to look like for the Battle scene and thought that we could have a screen behind us donning WWII propaganda, postcards, pictures etc. this research was also disregarded, as we didn’t end up with a screen behind us at all. The research I did for my character was mainly through hot seating, I tried to draw from former experiences of bullying, peer pressure and losing a loved one then collating it all and exaggerating each individual experience to imagine being taken away from an entire family and being plunged into cannibalistic tribe of siren-esque women. Our whole play desired an awful lot of research just to make the characters seem real enough. For my character I thought that this research into various area would create a fuller more believable character.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Dramatic Successes In Eradicating Small Pox Environmental Sciences Essay

Over the last 30 old ages the reversal in the worsening decease rate due to infective diseases has alarmed international wellness experts. Dramatic successes in eliminating little syphilis, commanding infantile paralysis and TB, and extinguishing vector-borne diseases such as xanthous febrility, dandy fever and malaria from many parts convinced most experts the epoch of infective diseases would shortly be over. Unfortunately this optimistic forecast was premature as a figure of diseases have dramatically reemerged. Tuberculosis, cholera, dandy fever, pestilence, Avian grippe and malaria have increased in incidence or geographic scope, as have new drug-resistant strains of bacteriums. In add-on freshly recognized diseases, such as AIDS, SARS, Drug Resistant Tuberculosis, Cryptosporidiosis, e.t.c. hold emerged. Dr. Mark Woolhouse and his co-workers at University of Edinburgh noted in the diary SCIENCE that â€Å" humanity is presently plagued by 1709 known pathogens ( from viruses and bacteriums to fungi, Protozoa and worms ) † . They concluded that 49 % of those are zoonotic and farther it was noted that zoonotic diseases are three times more likely to be emerging diseases than non-zoonotic diseases ( Cook, 2003 ) . The present planetary outgrowth of infective diseases is clearly associated with the societal and demographic alterations of the past 50 old ages, peculiarly urbanization and globalization, with the attendant spread of pathogens ( agents doing disease ) via septic worlds, hosts, vectors or trade goods. The alteration in the environment caused by human activities is besides evident in the transmutation of much of our landscape and transition of regional systems one time dominated by natural ecosystems. Factors include enlargement into urban or peri-urban home ground, deforestation, and the spread of intensive agriculture. The environment ‘s function in the outgrowth of diseases is evident in the connexions between the direct effects of human alterations to urban and rural landscapes and ecosystems, and the secondary effects on disease outgrowth factors. Developing irrigated agribusiness, for illustration, can make breeding evidences for mosquitoes, a vector for malaria. Likewise the unequal storm drainage and sewage systems frequently associated with rapid urbanization non merely increase the genteelness home ground for disease vectors but facilitate the spread of waterborne pathogens doing cholera and swamp fever. Overwhelming grounds points to human demographic alterations as the major direct and indirect factor lending to the addition in infective disease, with slightly different kineticss and mechanisms at work in urban and rural environments. In the first instance the increasing figure of people crowded into dense colonies has dramatically increased chances for nutrient, H2O, gnawer and vector-borne pathogens to â€Å" colonize † and prevail in human populations. Each pathogen has alone transmittal and adaptative features that determine a minimal population for endurance ( the threshold for rubeolas is about 250,000 people ) . Whether the threshold is 100,000 or a million the figure of big urban colonies and the mean colony size has been turning fast in recent decennaries. The figure of metropoliss of one million or larger was 76 in 1950, 522 in 1975, 1,122 in 2000, and is set to transcend 1,600 by 2015. This 20-fold addition translates to a approximately similar addition in planeta ry infective disease exposure due to this one factor entirely. This type of growing has indirect societal and environmental effects that contribute to multiplying the existent addition in population. Poverty, hapless life conditions, including deficiency of sanitation and substructure for waste-water and solid waste direction, increases chances for vector- borne diseases and others go throughing from animate beings to worlds. The geographic spread and enlargement into peri-urban countries of the mosquito Aedes albopictus, finely adapted for engendering in discarded plastic containers and used car tyres, is a good illustration of how a possible vector of viral diseases has taken advantage of environmental alteration. Lack of sanitation and waste H2O intervention, and industrialscale intensification of carnal production systems the universe over, contribute to alien species, and the proliferation and spread of H2O and food-borne pathogens. Increasingly frequent eruptions of infections are caused by these and other beings, many of which may eat alo ngside or quarry on wild mammals and birds as natural parasites. The taint of surface Waterss and spread of pathogens is farther promoted by the change of catchments and water partings attach toing urbanization, and intensive farming around metropoliss. Imparting watercourses, taking flora on the Bankss, and make fulling in wetland – all of which accompany unplanned urbanisation – extinguish the natural keeping and alimentary recycling systems, every bit good as barriers to come up run-off contaminated with enteric pathogens. Nutrient pollution taking to oxygen depletion in estuaries, lakes, watercourses and even stretches of ocean, such as the Gulf of Mexico, helps such pathogens survive excessively. In rural countries population and ingestion play a less direct function in lending to disease outgrowth, peculiarly as rural out-migration is fuelling the demographic detonation in metropoliss. It is more that urban countries are driving a sustained addition in the lumber trade, agribusiness, stock elevation and excavation, ensuing in bend in deforestation and alterations in land usage that are transforming rural landscapes and natural countries in ways that frequently facilitate the outgrowth of disease. Deforestation or even â€Å" patchy † re-afforestation leads to ecological alterations such as increased border home ground and local extinction of marauders that favour some disease vectors and reservoir species. Invasion of persons and colonies on natural ecosystems brings worlds into contact with known and fresh pathogens. The spread and intensification of farming consequences in the development of irrigation systems, ideal genteelness sites for mosquitoes and a home groun d for timeserving insects and gnawers that may be vectors or reservoirs for disease. Dams provide a favorable home ground for other vectors. Climate alteration represents a possible environmental factor impacting disease outgrowth. Shifts in the geographic scopes of hosts and vector, the consequence of increasing temperature on generative, development and mortality rates on hosts, vectors, and pathogens, and the effects of increased clime variableness on implosion therapy and drouths all have the possible to impact disease incidence and outgrowth positively or negatively. At present there is deficient grounds to bespeak what the net consequence will be one time climate alterations begin to hold a major affect on ecosystems. However, a dominant subject emerging from research on the ecology of infective disease is that accelerated and disconnected environmental alteration, whether natural or caused by worlds, may supply conditions conducive to pathogen outgrowth: pathogen version, host shift, and active or inactive or dispersion. The revival of infective diseases worldwide reflects our quick-fix outlook, with hapless development planning, a deficiency of political finding and institutional inactiveness. It is non the inevitable consequence of development, environmental alteration, or even incremental population growing. On the contrary much can be done to change by reversal the current tendency. Equally good as reconstructing the public wellness substructure for infective diseases, there is significant grounds and a turning figure of illustrations of how regional planning and development, including urbanization, agricultural enlargement, and the direction and preservation of woods and other ecosystems can understate and even cut down eruptions of infective disease every bit good as environmental harm. Basically we need an incorporate attack to pathogen control. This attack will affect engaging societal and economic development programmes, environmental and natural resource direction, with intercession based o n the fresh field of disease ecology and methods affecting community engagement ( Bruce and Gubler, 2004 ) .HUMAN AND EXOTIC SPECIES IMPACTSAdverse human impacts on biodiversity occur in really different ways, such as: habitat-destruction ; overharvesting ; climatic alteration ; environmental pollution ( air pollution, eutrophication, acid rain ) ; commercial trade of ( rare ) workss and animate beings ; debuts of species ; and familial technology.Habitat devastationDestruction of home grounds for al sort of intents, building of roads, canals, dikes and houses is likely the most of import threath to biodiversity. Illustrative are the side effects of some well-meaning international development undertakings. These are sometimes sponsored by international bureaus concerned with such personal businesss and sometimes by the foreign-assistance sections of single giver states. Normally the undertakings are intended to profit one section of the economic system of the recipient state ; but, because ecological advice by and large is non sought and because of the wide consequence of the proposed development on other resources or on the entire environment, the side effects of some of these activities frequently far outweigh any benefits that are derived. An illustration is the Aswan High Dam of Egypt, where the demand to increase the supply of H2O for irrigation and power was considered paramount. The environmental side effects, nevertheless, have been tremendous and include the spread of the disease bilharzia by snails that live in the irrigation channels, loss of land in the delta of the Nile River fro m eroding once the former deposit burden of the river was no longer available for land edifice, and a assortment of other effects. The duty of bureaus concerned with international development to seek the best environmental advice is now by and large accepted, but execution of this duty has been slow.OverharvestingOverharvesting, overcultivation or over-exploitation of natural resources is besides a large menace to biodiversity. This human activity refers to a rate of development or use that exceeds the cycling capacity of the natural resource. Classifying natural resources it has been traditional to separate between those that are renewable and those that are unrenewable. The former were considered to be the living resources — e.g. , woods, wildlife, and the similar — because of their ability to renew through reproduction. The latter were considered to be inanimate mineral or fuel resources, which, one time used, does non replace themselves. Because all natural resourc es in fact organize a continuum, from those that are most renewable in the short term to those that are least renewable, they do non readily impart themselves to a individual system of categorization. It is utile, hence, to analyze the assorted types of natural resources in relation to their cycling clip ; i.e. , the length of clip required to replace a given measure of a resource that has been utilized with an tantamount measure in a likewise utile signifier. From this point of position, renewable resources can be considered as those with short cycling times ( grass, lumber ) and unrenewable resources as those with really long cycling times ( coal, oil ) . Any resource can be unrenewable, nevertheless, if the demand and rate of use exceed its cycling capacity. Illustrative is the international development of life resources, peculiarly the tropical woods of the universe. These woods, which contain many 100s of species of trees turning in diverse mixtures, were spared from development in earlier decennaries because of their unavailability, the comparatively low value of most of the trees for lumber intents, and the limited universe demand. Heavily exploited for particular utilizations were a few species of high value, such as teak, coal black, sandalwood, mahogany, and other furniture forests. Most tropical woods were non greatly disturbed, nevertheless. This state of affairs has changed, and a broad assortment of forests antecedently considered worthless are used for mush, hardboard, and fibreboard or as cellulose for plastics production. With new machines and better transit, it has become profitable to take trees from antecedently remote countries and to transport logs, bolts, wood french friess, or other partly processed stuffs to foreign markets. Faced with a high demand for their wood merchandises, most developing states have been willing to subscribe over lumber rights to foreign companies, trusting thereby to increase their national incomes and to progress the general stuff public assistance of their people. Unfortunately, most of these lumbers contracts contain few or no commissariats for preservation. Forest industries that have first-class direction and preservation records in their place states behave otherwise in other lands. Great countries of tropical wood have been laid waste, dirts bared to erosion, and the wildlife within them destroyed. Because no Torahs are violated in either the exploited or the place state, there is no effectual damages. General international understandings regulating the preservation of such living resources would supply an reply to this job, but they are improbable to be implemented in clip to forestall the desolation of big countries of the tropical universe.Global Climatic Chan geClimate alteration is likely to hold considerable impacts on most or all ecosystems. The distribution forms of many species and communities are determined to a big portion by climatic parametric quantities, nevertheless, the responses to alterations in these parametric quantities are seldom simple.A At the simplest degree, altering forms of clime will alter the natural distribution bounds for species or communities. In the absence of barriers it may be possible for species or communities to migrate in response to altering conditions. Vegetation zones may travel towards higher latitudes or higher heights following displacements in mean temperatures. Motions will be more marked at higher latitudes where temperatures are expected to lift more than near the equator. In the mid-latitude parts ( 45 to 60 ° ) , for illustration, present temperature zones could switch by 150 A ­ 550 km.A In most instances natural or semisynthetic barriers will impact the natural motion of species or communities. Arctic tundra and alpine hayfields may go squeezed by the natural constellation of the landscape, while these and many other natural systems may be farther confined by human land-use forms. Many national Parkss and protected countries are now surrounded by urban and agricultural landscapes which will forestall the simple migration of species beyond their boundaries.A Rainfall and drouth will besides be of critical importance. Extreme implosion therapy will hold deductions for big countries, particularly riverine and valley ecosystems. Increasing drouth and desertification may happen in tropical and sub-tropical zones, and at least one theoretical account has predicted a drying out of big parts of the Amazon.A Ratess of alteration will besides be of import, and these will change at regional and even local degrees. The maximal rates of spread for some sedentary species, including big tree-species may be slower than the predicted rates of alteration in climatic conditions. In many instances farther complications will originate from the complexness of species interactions and differential sensitivenesss to altering conditions between species. Certain species may quickly accommodate to new conditions and may move in competition with others.A Changes in seasons are already being noticed in many temperate parts. Birdsong is being reported earlier and spring flowers are emerging when it was one time winter. In agricultural landscapes alterations in the length of turning seasons may better productiveness in mid-latitudes and increase the possible for cultivable harvests at high latitudes.A Negative impacts may include increased scopes of insect plagues and diseases, and failure of harvests in some parts from drouth or implosion therapy. On the comparatively narrow home grounds of the coastal borders, particularly where these are backed by countries of intense human usage, lifting sea degrees may take to the squashing out of of import coastal habitats.A Rising sea temperatures will farther impact the distribution and endurance of peculiar marine resources. Corals have already shown an highly high sensitiveness to minor additions in temperature, while other surveies have shown dramatic alterations in the distribution and endurance of the Pacific salmon in the late 1990s.A In add-on to doing a warming consequence, increased concentrations of atmospheric C dioxide are known increase rates of photosynthesis in many workss, every bit good as bettering H2O usage efficiency. In this manner the clime alterations may increase growing rates in some natural and agricultural communities.DesertificationAbout 3,6 billion of the universe ‘s 5.2 billion hectares of utile dryland for agribusiness has suffered eroding and dirt debasement. In more than 100 states, 1 billion of the 6 billion universe population is affected by desertification, coercing people to go forth their farms for occupations in the metropoliss. Desertification takes topographic point in dryland countries where the Earth is particularly delicate, where rainfall is nil and the clime harsh. The consequence is the devastation of surface soil followed by loss of the land ‘s ability to prolong harvests, farm animal or human activity. The economic impact is awful, with a loss of more than $ 40 billion per twelvemonth in agricultural goods and an addition in agricultural monetary values. Climatic alterations can trip the desertification procedure, but human activities often are the proximate cause. Overcultivation exhausts the dirt. Deforestation removes trees that hold the dirt to the land. Overgrazing of farm animal strips the land of grasses. Harmonizing to a UN survey, approximately 30 % of Earth ‘s land – including the 70 % of dryland – is affected by drouth. Every twenty-four hours, approximately 33,000 people starve to decease. Desertification create conditions that intensify wildfires and stirring air currents, adding to the enormous force per unit area to Earth ‘s most cherished resource, H2O, and, of class, the animate beings dependant on it. Harmonizing to the World Wide Fund for Nature, the universe lost about 30 % of its natural wealth between 1970 and 1995. Dust from comeuppances and drylands are blown into metropoliss around the universe. Dust from Africa reaches Europe through the Pasat air current, and even reaches US metropoliss. Dust atoms, which are less than 2,5 millionths of a meter in size, are inhaled, doing wellness jobs and have been shown to hike decease rates.Environmental pollutionEnvironmental pollution or pollution is the add-on of any substance ( foods ) or signifier of energy ( e.g. , heat, sound, radiation ) to the environment at a rate faster than the environment can suit it by scattering, dislocation, recycling, or storage in some harmless signifier. A pollutant demand non be harmful in itself. Carbon dioxide, for illustration, is a normal constituent of the ambiance and a byproduct of respiration that is found in all carnal tissues ; yet in a concentrated signifier it can kill animate beings. Human sewerage can be a utile fertiliser, but when concentrated excessively extremely it becomes a serious pollutant, endan gering wellness and doing the depletion of O in organic structures of H2O. By contrast, radiation in any measure is harmful to life, despite the fact that it occurs usually in the environment as alleged background radiation. Pollution has accompanied mankind of all time since groups of people foremost congregated and remained for a long clip in any one topographic point. Crude human colonies can be recognized by their pollutants — blast hills and rubble tonss. But pollution was non a serious job every bit long as there was adequate infinite available for each person or group. With the constitution of lasting human colonies by great Numberss of people, nevertheless, pollution became a job and has remained one of all time since. Cities of ancient times were frequently noxious topographic points, fouled by human wastes and dust. In the Middle Ages, insanitary urban conditions favoured the eruption of population-decimating epidemics. During the nineteenth century, H2O and air pollution and the accretion of solid wastes were mostly the jobs of merely a few big metropoliss. But, with the rise of advanced engineering and with the rapid spread of industrialisation and the attendant addition in human popul ations to unprecedented degrees, pollution has become a cosmopolitan job. Of all the pollutants released into the environment every twelvemonth by human activity, Persistent Organic Pollutants or POPs are among the most unsafe. They are extremely toxic, doing an array of inauspicious effects, notably decease, disease, and birth defects, among worlds and animate beings. Specific effects can include malignant neoplastic disease, allergic reactions and hypersensitivity, harm to the cardinal and peripheral nervous systems, generative upsets, and break of the immune system. These extremely stable compounds can last for old ages or decennaries before interrupting down. POPs released in one portion of the universe can, through a repeated and frequently seasonal procedure of vaporization, sedimentation, vaporization, sedimentation, be transported through the ambiance to parts far off from the original beginning. In add-on, POPs dressed ore in life beings through another procedure called bioaccumulation. Though non soluble in H2O, POPs are readily absorbed in fatty tissue, where concentrations can go magnified by up to 70,000 times the background degrees. Fish, predatory birds, mammals, and worlds are high up the nutrient concatenation and so absorb the greatest concentrations.Depletion of the Ozone LayerScientists besides fear that the ozonosphere ( or ozone bed of the ambiance ) is being depleted by the chemical action of CFCs emitted from aerosol tins and iceboxs and by pollutants from projectiles and supersonic aircraft. Depletion of the ozone bed, which absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, would hold serious effects on life beings on the Earth ‘s surface, including increasing frequence of skin malignant neoplastic disease among worlds.Acid RainAnother climatic consequence of pollution is acerb rain. The phenomenon occurs when sulfur dioxide and N oxides from the combustion of fossil fuels combine with H2O vapor in the ambiance. The ensuing precipitation is damaging to H2O, wood, and dirt resources. It is blamed for the disap pearing of fish from many lakes in the Adirondacks, for the widespread decease of woods in European mountains, and for damaging tree growing in the United States and Canada. Reports besides indicate that it can eat edifices and be risky to human wellness. Because the contaminations are carried long distances, the beginnings of acid rain are hard to nail and therefore hard to command. Acid rain has been reported in countries as far apart as Sweden and Canada. The drifting of pollutants doing acid rain across international boundaries has created dissensions between Canada and the United States and among European states over the causes and solutions of the precipitation. The international range of the job has led to the sign language of international understandings on the restriction of S and N oxide emanations.Eutrophication and OligotrophicationFreshwater ecosystems go through eutrophication or oligotrophication. Eutrophication is an aging procedure in the life rhythm of a lake, pool or decelerate traveling watercourse. When this occurs a batch of dead organic affair settees at the underside of the H2O. It all decomposes and signifiers an evergrowing bed of silt. This can take many thousand old ages to finish. The other aging procedure is known as oligotropication. This is a the entire antonym of eutrophication, it is alimentary hapless. Lakes face to basic sorts of environmental jobs which are: menaces to H2O quality and the impairment of shoreland. Pollution by industries, transportation and hapless agricultural patterns have led to toxic condition of the H2O. Besides changes in temperature lead to accelerated eutrophication. Eutrophication is an overload of different foods in the H2O which put an inordinate demand on the O content of the H2O, ensuing in the chemical-biological decease of a lake. Some of the universe ‘s major lakes presently suffer from such jobs. The effects of pollution on land ( and in H2O ) are to favor small-bodied, quickly reproducing beings that do non depend on complex nutrient webs. The procedure of simplification and poverty is now planetary and affects tellurian and aquatic communities likewise. It is the continuously spread outing consequence of chronic invasions on natural systems by human influences. The poverty threatens all life because it reduces consistently the capacity of the Earth to back up workss. The writers of Foods in European Ecosystems say natural lakes, unreal reservoirs, rivers, coastal Marine Waterss and tellurian ecosystems are all affected to changing grades of badness by alimentary surpluss. In most instances, the harm varies merely by geographic part. Many reservoirs functioning indispensable utilizations such as public H2O supplies and irrigation are among the most affected by eutrophication because they are, of necessity, located near to countries of intense human activity. The study says eutrophication is a major issue in still H2O environments but, even after decennaries of scientific research, there are really few monitoring programmes in being. In rivers, the most widespread pollutant in geographic footings is P, which consequences in the development of big measures of seasonal works growing, taking to other types of impact such as flustered O and pH rhythms, organic pollution and monolithic growing of toxic algae. The study besides confirms that extra ammonium is present in many rivers. Excessive degrees of nitrates, observed in many old surveies, represent a widespread debasement of river H2O and, locally, nitrate concentrations may forestall human utilizations of H2O. In coastal Marine Waterss, the frequence and geographic extent of eutrophication phenomena are increasing, even in marine countries antecedently believed to be unaffected. In tellurian ecosystems, alimentary impacts appear to be serious because of the uncertainness of recovery of the land-based systems, taking to losingss of species and ecosystems. The application of alimentary decrease policies is patchy, says the study. But the writers found it hard to measure the effectivity of these policies because of the general scarceness of informations refering primary causes, emanations and the position of ecosystems. All the necessary datasets are non available at European or national degree, and do non even exist at all in some states. It was merely possible to obtain a little fraction of the bing informations, and this fraction was deficient to bring forth a full appraisal.Commercial trade of works and animate being speciesCommercial trade of life animate beings and workss every bit good as in the merchandises derived from them is besides a terrible menace to biodiversity. Demands by affluent states for certain animate being and works merchandises create peculiarly terrible jobs in less flush states. The trade in endangered species of wildlife is exemplifying. The demand for pelts and teguments of rare carnal species is unnaturally created in the manner Centres of the universe. Monetary values paid by affluent people for these points in flush states exceed the lifetime income of most people in the states from which the leopards, crocodiles, Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams, and other wild species come. Poachers go to great lengths to obtain these animate beings wherever they can be found, including inside national Parkss and militias. Because effectual policing is virtually impossible, legal and illegal trade in wildlife Begin to overlap, and both become steadfastly established. Exporters of wild animate beings and their merchandises are the terminal links of profitable concern ironss that include far greater Numberss of huntsmans and trappers in distant countries. Furthermore, for each animate being or tegument that reaches a foreign market, many more are destroyed in hunting, caparison, and transporting.Introductions of non-native ( foreign ) speciesA major subscriber to depletion and extinction, 2nd merel y to habitat loss, is the debut of species into new environments. These transplanted signifiers are called exotics. Every debut of alien species that become established consequences in alterations to the having ecosystem. Unfortunately, most of the ascertained effects have been damaging and irreparable by displacing native species, and changing trophic degree construction. Introduced species frequently prey on many parts of an already established nutrient web or compete with autochthonal species for resources such as nutrient or infinite. Without any natural marauders, encroachers can endanger or even extinguish autochthonal species. They besides carry with them the menace of new diseases which can destruct vulnerable native dwellers. In some countries, native species are on the threshold of extinction due to the debut of an alien species. Speciess have sometimes invaded new home grounds of course ( e.g. when land Bridgess have become established ) but human geographic expedition and colonisation has dramatically increased the spread of alien species. Whenever adult male has settled far off from place, he has tried to present his familiar animate beings and workss. Many other species ( e.g. rats ) have been by chance transported around the universe. The first instances were from European adventurers, who frequently released caprine animals and hogs so that later colonisers had an abundant beginning of familiar carnal protein, and colonisers so brought more of the same. Some of our most abundant wild animate beings and workss, particularly those that do good in urban or disturbed countries, are introduced species that have become established. For illustration, the starling, cabbage-white butterfly, eucalyptus tree, mustard, many grasses, etc. Most insect and works plagues are alien species. It is estimated that at least 4,000 alien works and 2,300 alien animate being species are now established in the United States. Many exotics have black effects on native vegetations and zoologies. They frequently leave behind the factors that have evolved with them and that control their population and spread. In their new home ground there may be fewer marauders or diseases, so their populations grow out of control. Prey beings may non hold evolved defence mechanisms and native species may non vie successfully for infinite or nutrient, so are frequently pushed to extinction. Since alien species are self-perpetuating, they can hold permanency unmatched by other menaces to biodiversity including overuse and habitat loss. Exotics are a factor lending to the endangered or threatened position of 42 % of animate beings and workss on the U.S. endangered species list. The spread of exotics replaces healthy, diverse ecosystems with biologically impoverished, homogenous landscapes. For illustration, topographic points with a Mediterranean clime in southern Australia, the U.S. west seashore, Chile and South Africa antecedently had few works species in common ( although they did demo many illustrations of convergent development, taking to similar landscapes ) . They now portion 100s of weedy alien species, chiefly from the Mediterranean part.Familial technologyThe term familial technology ab initio meant any of a broad scope of techniques for the alteration or use of beings through the procedures of heredity and reproduction. As such, the term embraced both unreal choice and all the intercessions of biomedical techniques, among them unreal insemination, in vitro fertilisation ( e.g. , â€Å" test-tube † babes ) , sperm Bankss, cloning, and cistron use. But the term now denotes the narrower field of recombinant DNA engineering, or cistron clonin g, in which DNA molecules from two or more beginnings are combined either within cells or in vitro and are so inserted into host beings in which they are able to propagate. Genetic technology has advanced the apprehension of many theoretical and practical facets of cistron map and organisation. Through recombinant DNA techniques, bacteriums have been created that are capable of synthesising human insulin, human growing endocrine, alpha interferon, a hepatitis B vaccinum, and other medically utile substances. Plants may be genetically adjusted to enable them to repair N, and familial diseases can perchance be corrected by replacing â€Å" bad † cistrons with â€Å" normal † 1s. Nevertheless, particular concern has been focused on such accomplishments for fright that they might ensue in the debut of unfavorable and perchance unsafe traits into ( micro ) organisms that were antecedently free of them — e.g. , opposition to antibiotics, production of toxins, or a inclination to do disease ( De Valk, 2005 ) .